Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 June 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2024

First Online: 17 March 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors wish to thank all families associated with organ donation for research purposes whose gift was invaluable for this research. The authors are grateful to JDRF Program Officers who envisioned the formation of and provided programmatic guidance to the nPOD-Virus Group (R. Insel, J. Greenstein, T. Staeva, M. Nierras, J. Dunne). The authors thank all the members of the nPOD-Virus group. A list is included as electronic supplementary material (ESM).

: Data generated and analysed during this study are available through the corresponding author upon request.

: This research was performed with the support of the Network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes (nPOD; RRID:SCR_014641), a collaborative type 1 diabetes research project supported by grants from JDRF/The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (3-SRA-2023-1417-S-B) and the Helmsley Charitable Trust (2018PG-T1D053, G-2108-04793). The content and views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official view of nPOD. Organ Procurement Organizations (OPO) partnering with nPOD to provide research resources are listed at . The nPOD-Virus Group was supported by Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF) grants (3-SRA-25-2012-516 and 3-SRA-2017-492-A-N awarded to AP). This work was supported by a Breakthrough T1D Career Development Award (5-CDA-2014-221-A-N) to SJR, an MRC Project Grant MR/P010695/1 awarded to SJR and NGM, and a Steve Morgan Foundation Grand Challenge Senior Research Fellowship awarded to SJR (22/0006504). The studies from the University of Exeter were supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Part of the studies were supported by the European Union program Frame Programme 7 (Persistent Virus Infection in Diabetes Network [PEVNET], contract no. 261441). JSK is also supported by a grant from the NIDDK-sponsored Human Islet Research Network (HIRN, RRID:SCR_014393; ; UC24 DK104162). KM was supported by a German Research Foundation grant (DFG).

: HH is a board member and stock owner of Vactech Oy, a Finnish biotech company that has contributed to the development of a CVB vaccine. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: SJR, TRC, JEL, JSK, REL, JON, JLN, IK, MAA, MvH, NGM, HH and AP made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work. Assays were performed by SJR, TRC, JEL, JON, SM, KM, JFP and REL and interpretation of the individual specific assay experiments was performed by SJR, TRC, JEL, JON, REL, KM, MAM, VP, JFP, NGM, HH and AP. Formal combined analysis and interpretations were completed by SJR, TRC, JEL, JSK, JON, REL, HH and AP. MAM helped in sample selection, coordination, and procurement for proteomics assays, as well as editing of the manuscript. SJR, TRC, JEL, JSK and AP wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed critically the manuscript for important intellectual content and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. SJR, TRC, JL, JSK and AP are the guarantors of this work and, as such, have full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.