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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 26 February 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Acknowledgements

: I was very fortunate to be introduced the thinking of Claude Bernard as a medical student by Reginald Passmore, Professor of Physiology at Edinburgh University. The described studies were brilliantly executed by Clinical Research fellows P. Singhal, B. Ravikumar, P. Carey, E. Lin Lim, S. Steven, M. Macauley, C. Peters and S. Zhyzyneuskaya. G. I. Shulman pioneered in vivo magnetic resonance studies of metabolism and has been a long-term friend and collaborator. The research depended upon development of new magnetic resonance methodology by the physicists K.G. Hollingsworth, A. Blamire, P. Thelwall and P. Morris. I am grateful to A. Al-Mrabeh for scientific input. M. E. J. Lean deserves special mention as collaborator on DiRECT, as do the wider DiRECT research team and especially A. C. Barnes and K. M. Irvine, research dietitians. K. F. Petersen and R. Holman have been excellent senior colleagues on the journey. K. G. M. M. Alberti created an excellent research environment in Newcastle and I am most grateful to him for support and advice. Finally, the research participants selflessly gave time, effort and blood, without which the research would not have been possible. No AI was used in writing this article.

: The research depended upon grants from Diabetes UK for Counterpoint, DiRECT, DiRECT follow-up and ReTUNE. Counterbalance was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Center and a NovoNordisk Research Foundation fellowship. The European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes funded the Pancreas study. The Medical Research Council funded the sabbatical at Yale and the physiological studies of muscle and liver were funded by The Wellcome Trust.

: RT has received academic lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Novartis, NovoNordisk and Abbott Laboratories and is an advisor to Fast800. He is a member of the Advisory Group for NHS England Type 2 Diabetes Path to Remission Programme.

: The author was the sole contributor to this review.