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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 7 March 2025

First Online: 29 April 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors gratefully acknowledge all the participants, physicians and nurses at each FinnDiane centre participating in recruitment and characterisation of participants. A complete list of physicians and nurses at the FinnDiane centres throughout Finland is presented in the ESM Table . We also acknowledge the skilled assistance of A. Dufva, H. Krigsman, H. Olanne, M. Parkkonen, A. Sandelin and K. Uljala at Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki. Part of this work was presented as a short oral presentation at the 58th annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in 2022 (19–23 September 2022, Stockholm, Sweden).

: Individual-level data for the study participants are not publicly available because of the restrictions due to the study consent provided by the participant at the time of data collection.

: The study was supported by grants from Folkhälsan Research Foundation, Wilhelm and Else Stockmann Foundation, Liv och Hälsa Society, Sigrid Juselius Foundation (220027), Research Council of Finland (316664), Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF23OC0082732, NNFOC0013659), Medical Society of Finland, State funding for university-level health research by Helsinki University Hospital (TYH2023403), Diabetes Research Foundation and Biomedicum Helsinki Foundation.

: P-HG has received research grants from Eli Lilly and Roche, and lecture fees from Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Elo Water, Genzyme, Medscape, Menarini, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PeerVoice, Sanofi and SCIARC. He is an advisory board member for AbbVie, Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Medscape, MSD, Mundipharma, Nestlé, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. EBP reports receiving lecture honorariums from Astra Zeneca and Sanofi, and has been an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim since February 2024. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: KA and EBP developed the study concept and design, and interpreted the results. KA wrote the first draft of the manuscript and performed the main statistical analyses. EBP contributed to part of the statistical analysis and VH provided guidance for statistical analysis. ML provided assistance for sRAGE measurements. NS and P-HG contributed to the study design. KA, EBP, VH, ML, NS and P-HG discussed the final results and critically evaluated the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final content of the manuscript. P-HG is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.