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Article History

Received: 3 January 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, as home of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Nurses’ Health Studies. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention/Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health Scientific Sessions meeting in 2015.

: Because of participant confidentiality and privacy concerns, data cannot be shared publicly, and requests to access NHS/NHSII/HPFS data must be submitted in writing. The procedures to follow to obtain and access data from these are described at (contact nhsaccess@channing.harvard.edu) and .

: The Health Professionals Follow-up Study is supported by grant number U01 CA167552 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The Nurses’ Health Study is supported by grant number UM1 CA186107 from the NCI. The Nurses’ Health Study II is supported by grant numbers U01 CA176726 from the NCI and grant number U01 HL145386 from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. ELG is funded as an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor (grant CRP-23-1014041). DDW is supported by grant numbers R00DK119412, RF1 AG083764, R01AG077489 and R01NR019992 from the National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: YZ and DDW wrote the first draft of the manuscript and performed the analyses. YZ, DDW, FBH and ELG designed the research. YLi and YLiu provided statistical expertise. All authors contributed to the interpretation for the results and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final version of the manuscript. YZ and DDW are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.