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Article History

Received: 7 January 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2025

First Online: 19 May 2025

Acknowledgements

: We acknowledge confocal microscopy and flow cytometry facilities (IIBm, CSIC, Madrid, Spain) for technical assistance and M. Ros (URJC, Madrid, Spain) for the critical reading of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. Some of the data were presented as an abstract at the 58th EASD Annual Meeting in 2022.

: Data presented in this manuscript are available upon request from the corresponding authors.

: Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by grants PID2021-122766OB-I00 (AMV), PID2022-140616OB-I00 (MAM), PID2020-116134RB-I00 (EF-M), PID2021-123083NB-I00 (BRG) and RD21/0006/0001 (ISCIII) (IL) funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, by “ERDF/EU”, by the “European Union” or by the “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”, grant EFSD/Boehringer Ingelheim European Research Programme on 'Multi-System Challenges in Diabetes' from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (AMV), P2022/BMD-7227 (Comunidad de Madrid, Spain) (AMV), Fundación Ramón Areces (Spain) (AMV), Horizon-EIC-Pathfinder-Challenge-2023, grant agreement number 101162517, European Union (AMV), Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF; 3-SRA-2023-1307-S-B to BRG), CIBERdem (ISCIII, Spain) (AMV and BRG), 1R01DK134461 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NN) and 1I01BX005093 from the Department of Veterans Affairs (Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government (NN). AMV belongs to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)’s Cancer and Metabolism (COMETA) Hubs and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) (Madrid, Spain). We also acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the postdoctoral contract IJCI-2015-24758 to IG-M and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (MECD) for the FPU17/02786 grant to RA.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RA and IG-M were responsible for study conception, data acquisition and analysis and manuscript drafting and reviewing; NC-V was responsible for acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data and manuscript reviewing; EF-M and PG-V performed data acquisition and analysis and manuscript reviewing; VF was responsible for data acquisition and manuscript reviewing; MI, MAM, IL, NN and BRG were responsible for interpretation of data and critical revision of the manuscript; AMV was responsible for study conception, data analysis, manuscript drafting and reviewing. All the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. RA, IG-M and AMV are guarantors of this work.