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Article History

Received: 26 October 2024

Accepted: 25 March 2025

First Online: 22 May 2025

Acknowledgements

: Special thanks to A. Hungele and R. Ranz for support and development of the DPV documentation software (both clinical data managers, Ulm University). The authors further wish to express their special gratitude to all DPV centres participating in the initiative. Centres contributing data to the present analysis were Aachen – Innere RWTH, Aidlingen Praxisgemeinschaft, Asbach Kamillus-Klinik Innere, Augsburg IV, Medizinische Uni-Klinik, Bad Aibling Internist, Praxis, Bad Aibling Internistische Praxis-2, Bad Oeynhausen Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Bad Reichenhall Kreisklinik Innere Medizin, Bayreuth Innere Medizin, Berchtesgaden CJD, Bergen Gemeinschaftspraxis, Berlin DRK-Kliniken Mitte Innere, Berlin Endokrinologikum, Berlin Klinik St. Hedwig Innere, Berlin Oskar Zieten Krankenhaus Innere, Berlin Schlosspark-Klinik Innere, Berlin Vivantes Hellersdorf Innere, Bodnegg – MVZ Wollmarshöhe, Bonn Schwerpunktpraxis, Bottrop Knappschaftskrankenhaus Innere, Bremen – Mitte Innere, Bremerhaven Kinderklinik, Castrop-Rauxel Rochus-Hospital, Chemnitz-Hartmannsdorf Innere Medizin – DIAKOMED-1, Coburg Innere Medizin, Coesfeld/Dülmen Innere Medizin, Darmstadt Innere Medizin, Deggendorf Gemeinschaftspraxis, Dortmund Johannes Hospital, Dortmund Knappschaftskrankenhaus Innere, Dortmund Medizinische Kliniken Nord, Dortmund-St. Josefshospital Innere, Dortmund-West Innere, Duisburg Homberg Helios Rhein-Ruhr Kliniken GmbH, Duisburg St. Anna Innere Helios Rhein-Ruhr Kliniken GmbH, Duisburg-Huckingen, Eckernförde Gemeinschaftspraxis, Eisleben Lutherstadt Helios-Klinik, Erlangen Uni Innere Medizin, Essen Diabetes-SPP, Essen Diabetes-Schwerpunktpraxis, Forchheim Diabeteszentrum SPP, Frankfurt Diabeteszentrum Rhein-Main-Erwachsenendiabetologie (Bürgerhospital), Frankfurt Uni-Klinik Innere, Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen Innere, Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen Innere MVZ, Freiburg Uni Innere, Geislingen Klinik Helfenstein Innere, Gießen Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, Göttingen Uni Gastroenterologie, Güstrow Innere, Halberstadt Innere Medizin AMEOS Klinik, Hanau diabetolologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Heide Westküstenklinikum Innere Medizin, Heidelberg St. Josefskrankenhaus, Heidenheim Arztpraxis Allgemeinmedizin, Heilbronn Innere Klinik, Herford Innere Med I, Herne Evanangelisches Krankenhaus Innere, Hildesheim GmbH – Innere, Idar Oberstein Schwerpunktpraxis, Jena diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Kamen Klinikum Westfalen Hellmig Krankenhaus, Kamen MKK – Medizinisches Kompetenzkollegium, Karlsburg Klinik für Diabetes und Stoffwechsel, Karlsruhe Schwerpunktpraxis, Kirchheim-Nürtingen Innere, Koblenz Kemperhof 1. Medizinische Klinik, Konstanz Innere Klinik, Krefeld-Uerdingen St. Josef Innere, Landau Innere, Lilienthal Diabeteszentrum, Limburg Innere Medizin, Lindlar DM-Zentrum, Linz Krankenhaus Barmherzige Schwestern Kardiologie Abt. Int. II, Ludwigshafen diabetol. SPP, Luxembourg – Centre Hospitalier, Lübeck Uni-Klinik Innere Medizin, Lünen Klinik am Park, Magdeburg Städtisches Klinikum Innere, Manderscheid Rathauspraxis, Marktredwitz Innere Medizin, Memmingen Internistische Praxis, Murnau am Staffelsee – diabetol. SPP, Mühlheim an der Ruhr Evang. Krankenhaus Medizinische Klinik, München Diabetes-Zentrum Süd, München Schwerpunktpraxis, Münster Herz Jesu Innere, Münster Ludgerus-Kliniken GmbH, Neunkirchen Innere Medizin, Neuwied Marienhaus Klinikum St. Elisabeth Innere, Oberndorf Gastroenterologische Praxis Schwerpunkt Diabetologie, Pirmasens Städtisches Krankenhaus Innere, Prenzlau Krankenhaus Innere, Prien am Chiemsee Innere, Rosenheim Innere Medizin, Rosenheim Schwerpunktpraxis, Rottweil Gemeinschaftspraxis für Innere Medizin, Saaldorf-Surheim Diabetespraxis, Schwerin Innere Medizin, Spaichingen Innere, Stuttgart Sana Klinik Bethesda, Tettnang Innere Medizin, Traunstein diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Trostberg Innere, Ulm Schwerpunktpraxis Bahnhofsplatz, Ulm Uni Innere Medizin, Ulm Uni-Kinderklinik, Viersen internist. Praxis, Villingen-Schwenningen Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum Innere, Wangen Oberschwabenklinik Innere Medizin, Weisswasser Kreiskrankenhaus, Wernberg-Köblitz SPP, Wien Uni Innere Medizin III, Wittlich DSP, Worms Schwerpunktpraxis.

: The data are not publicly available because they contain information that could compromise research participant privacy/consent.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The DPV initiative is funded by the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD, grant no. 82DZD14E1G), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI, grant no. 1368-1711) and the German Diabetes Association (DDG). In addition, this study is part of the Stratification of Obesity Phenotypes to Optimize Future Obesity Therapy (SOPHIA) project (). SOPHIA has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 875534. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and the T1D Exchange, JDRF and Obesity Action Coalition. This article reflects the authors’ views and neither the IMI nor the European Union, EFPIA or any associated partners are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

: Outside the current work, MH reports lecture fees from Chiesi/Amryt, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. He has also served on advisory boards for Chiesi/Amryt, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi. He is also currently a board member of the German Diabetes Association (DDG). Outside the current work, MN reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca and Dexcom. He is a member of the scientific committee of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Diabetes & Technologie of the German Diabetes Association (DDG). Outside the current work, JR reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca and Sanofi. Outside the current work, JS has received honoraria for talks and/or consultancy and/or research funding from Apitope, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GI Dynamics, GlaxoSmithKline, Intarcia, Ipsen, Janssen, LifeScan, MedScape, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, OmniaMed, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Ypsomed. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MH and NP designed/performed the analyses, discussed the findings and drafted the manuscript. LF, WK, MN, KN, FP, JR, JS, GU and CW were responsible for acquisition of the data and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. RWH made substantial contributions to the initial conception of the work and reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript prior to submission. NP and RWH are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.