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Article History

Received: 27 November 2024

Accepted: 31 March 2025

First Online: 5 June 2025

Data availability

: The data utilised in this study were obtained from the TriNetX Research Network, a global federated health research platform providing access to de-identified electronic medical records from participating healthcare organisations. Due to data use agreements and privacy regulations, the individual-level data are not publicly available. However, aggregated data supporting the findings of this study can be accessed through the TriNetX platform by qualified researchers upon reasonable request and subject to approval by TriNetX.

: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: C-CK and C-CL conceived and designed the study. C-CK and C-CL performed the statistical analysis, prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and revised the draft. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and critically revised the content of the draft. C-CK and H-TK supervised the study. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published. As such, they had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. C-CL is the guarantor of this work.