Updates are available Correction dated 2026-03-19

Article History

Received: 7 November 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 22 May 2025

Change Date: 2 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The units for plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations were corrected to µmol/l.

Change Date: 19 March 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06690-w

Acknowledgements

: The authors acknowledge the skilled technical assistance of L. Hansen and C. B. Olsen (Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital), and would like to thank B. F. Vind (Department of Medicine, Lillebælt Hospital) for her contributions to the clinical and metabolic experiments in studies I and III, as well as N. Ørtenblad (Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark) for his contribution to the supervised exercise training in study IV. The study was included as part of the PhD thesis: Møller, PM (2024) Impact of insulin and exercise on metabolites in obesity and type 2 diabetes and consequences of inherited insulin resistance, University of Southern Denmark. Department of Health Sciences. Available from: . In addition, selected data were presented as an abstract at the ADA 84th Scientific Sessions meeting in June 2024.

: The data presented in this study are not available to the public. However, researchers with the appropriate legal permissions from the Danish Data Protection Agency may request access. Inquiries about accessing the datasets should be sent to the corresponding author.

: Open access funding provided by University of Southern Denmark. Studies I–IV were funded by grants from the Danish Medical Research Council (DFF –1333-00074), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15OC0015986, NNF13OC0007969), the Danish Diabetes Association, the Danish Council for Independent Research (including Sapere Aude, DFF Starting Grant – 11-104819), the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD), Odense University Hospital, the Region of Southern Denmark, Steno Diabetes Center Odense supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF17SA0030962-1), University of Southern Denmark, Christenson-Cesons Family Fund and Sawmill Owner Jeppe Juhl and Wife Ovita Juhl Memorial Foundation.

: First author, PMM, owns personal stocks in Novo Nordisk A/S. JFPW holds shares in Pfizer Inc. and Novo Nordisk A/S. JFPW is currently a consultant at Pfizer Inc. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: PMM, RK, JFPW and KH contributed to the conceptualisation and design of the present study. AJTP, MHP and MA conducted the clinical and metabolic experiments in studies II and IV. RK performed the plasma BCAA measurements in the present study, and PMM analysed the data. PMM and KH wrote the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. KH is the guarantor of the present study and, as such, had full access to all data in the study and takes full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analyses.