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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 17 March 2025

First Online: 9 June 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank T.-S. Nguyen (BRI Clinical Core) for organising and assisting with shipment of archived samples and V. Green and C. Cousens-Jacobs (BRI) for administrative support. This manuscript used data acquired from the Human Pancreas Analysis Program (HPAP-RRID:SCR_016202) Database (), a Human Islet Research Network (RRID:SCR_014393) consortium (UC4-DK-112217, U01-DK-123594, UC4-DK-112232 and U01-DK-123716). This research was performed with the support of the Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD; RRID:SCR_014641), a collaborative type 1 diabetes research project supported by Breakthrough T1D and The Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (Grant 3-SRA-2023-1417-S-B). The content and views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official view of nPOD. Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) partnering with nPOD to provide research resources are listed at .

: Data are available on request from the corresponding author.

: Funding for this research was provided by Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) Grant 2-SRA-2018-551-S-B to EAJ. SCK was funded by NIH-NIDDK UC4DK116284 and The George F. and Sybil H. Fuller Term Chair in Diabetes.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: EAJ conceptualised and designed the study. KS and PG acquired peptide binding assay and T cell assay data and performed data analysis. ML and EB designed and executed LIPS assays to measure autoantibodies directed against NUP50 and MLH1, and analysed and interpreted the resulting data. AM and EEVC made substantial contributions to the analysis or interpretation of data and SCK made substantial contributions to the design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, drafting the article, reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. RH, MES and CS were responsible for participant selection and collected and interpreted clinical data. EAJ wrote the manuscript with assistance and approval from all co-authors. EAJ obtained funding and was responsible for the entire project. EAJ is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.