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Article History

Received: 6 December 2024

Accepted: 14 April 2025

First Online: 10 July 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of A. Lari, A. Thampi, C. Suangco, J. Espinosa, J. Vasquez, M. Marquez, M. Jadoun, S. Cyriac and S. Alberto, retinal graders at ICLDC. GDT is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

: Data that underlie the results reported in this article after de‐identification (text, tables and figures) will be available. Data will be available for up to 5 years following publication for sharing with researchers who submit a study question which, in the opinion of the authors, can reasonably be addressed by the data. Enquiries should be directed to abuckley@icldc.ae. An institutional contract and data sharing agreement will be required.

: No external funding was received.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: AJB performed data collection and statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. GDT, MG-G, PHS, IA and SGIS contributed to study methodology and revised and edited the final draft of the manuscript. The manuscript was approved for submission by all authors. AJB had access to the data used in this project and is the guarantor.