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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2025

First Online: 20 June 2025

Data availability

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

: NF, IF, AA, JM and EA were supported by a British Heart Foundation Accelerator Grant (AA/18/3/34220) and a Project Grant from the Rosetrees Trust (M825). GAR is supported by a Wellcome Trust Investigator award (212625/Z/18/Z), a UKRI-Medical Research Council (MRC) Programme grant (MR/R022259/1), NIH-NIDDK project grants (R01DK135268, 1R01DK139630-01A1 PI), a Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF) Team grant (CIHR-IRSC TDP-186358 and JDRF 4-SRA-2023-1182-S-N), CRCHUM start-up funds and an Innovation Canada John R. Evans Leader Award (CFI 42649). AR and HLPT are supported by the Foundation for Liver Research (London, UK). THC was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre.

: GAR has received grant funding from Sun Pharmaceuticals Inc. for whom he is a consultant. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: EA and AR designed the study and interpreted the data. NFB, IF, AA and HLPT were responsible for data acquisition and analysis. GAR contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data. EA, THC, JM and AR performed data analysis. All authors contributed to drafting the manuscript and approved the final version. EA is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.