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Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 23 April 2025

First Online: 20 June 2025

Acknowledgements

: We would like to thank all the participants in the Maastricht Study and everyone that helped with this research. We would like to express our gratitude to M. Feijge (head of the data management team, the Maastricht Study) and S. van Kuijk (department of clinical epidemiology and medical technology assessment, Maastricht University Medical Centre+) for his statistical advice.

: The data of this study derive from the Maastricht Study but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study. Data are, however, available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the Maastricht Study management team.

: This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund via OP-Zuid, the Province of Limburg, the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (grant 31O.041), Stichting De Weijerhorst (Maastricht, the Netherlands), the Pearl String Initiative Diabetes (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), the Cardiovascular Center (CVC, Maastricht, the Netherlands), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases (Maastricht, the Netherlands), CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute (Maastricht, the Netherlands), NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (Maastricht, the Netherlands), Stichting Annadal (Maastricht, the Netherlands) and Health Foundation Limburg (Maastricht, the Netherlands), and by unrestricted grants from Janssen-Cilag BV (Tilburg, the Netherlands), Novo Nordisk Farma BV (Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands) and Sanofi-Aventis Netherlands BV (Gouda, the Netherlands).

: BdG is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: ND contributed to the conceptualisation, formal analysis and writing the original manuscript. SE contributed to the formal analysis, review and editing. CS contributed to the conceptualisation, review and editing and supervision. BdG contributed to the conceptualisation, review and editing, supervision and funding acquisition. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. BdG and ND are the guarantors of this work, had full access to all the study data and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.