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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 17 April 2025

First Online: 8 July 2025

Acknowledgements

: We appreciate the contribution of all study participants, and thank the laboratory and research staff from the Diabetes Center Mergentheim for their excellent work. Data from this study were presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the EASD (9–13 September 2024, Madrid, Spain).

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to national data protection laws, but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request through an individual project agreement with the Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Mergentheim (FIDAM) and the German Diabetes Center (DDZ).

: The project was supported by grants from the German Research Association (DFG) to CH (HE 4510/9-1), DE (EH 538/3-1) and NH (HE 3053/4-1). The German Diabetes Center (DDZ) is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health (Berlin, Germany) and the Ministry of Culture and Science of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Düsseldorf, Germany), and receives additional funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD). The conduct of the studies by the Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Bad Mergentheim (FIDAM) was supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (DIAMOS: FKZ 01GI089; ECCE HOMO: FKZ 01GI1105) and the German Center for Diabetes Research (DDCT: FKZ 82DZD001101). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report.

: CH is Reviews Editor for Diabetologia. MR received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. BK received advisory board member fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, Bayer, Dexcom, Embecta and Insulet, as well as honoraria for lectures from Abbott Diabetes Care, Berlin Chemie AG, Becton Dickenson, Sanofi Germany, Roche Diabetes Care and Dexcom Germany. NH received advisory board member fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, Roche Diabetes Care and Insulet, as well as honoraria for lectures from Berlin Chemie AG, Becton Dickenson, Sanofi Germany, Roche Diabetes Care and Dexcom Germany. DE received advisory board member fees from Dexcom Germany and Roche Diabetes Care, as well as honoraria for lectures from Berlin Chemie AG, Dexcom Germany, Sanofi-Aventis Germany, Roche Diabetes Care, Eli Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: CH, DE and NH acquired funding. CH, AS, DE and NH designed the study. AS collected the study data. CH, AS, BK, DE and NH contributed to the data collection. CH, AZ, DE and NH drafted the analysis plan. AZ, MCS and DE performed the statistical analyses. CH, AZ, AS, MCS, BK, MR, DE and NH contributed to data interpretation. CH wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved its submission. CH and NH are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.