Document is current

Article History

First Online: 1 July 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank G. Hemani, G. Davey Smith and N. J. Timpson (University of Bristol) and M. J. Redondo (Baylor College of Medicine) for their helpful comments during the preparation of this manuscript.

: LJC is based at the Medical Research Council funded MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00032/1). CH is based at The German Diabetes Center which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health (Berlin, Germany) and the Ministry of Culture and Science of the state North Rhine-Westphalia (Düsseldorf, Germany) and receives additional funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.). Work in JM’s laboratory is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation grant NNF23SA0084103, the EFSD/Novo Nordisk Foundation Future Leaders Award (no. 0094134) and the European Union (HORIZON-EIC-2023-PATHFINDERCHALLENGES-01-101161509). Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency (EISMEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. TF’s research group has financial support from the European Research Council (ERC-2018-STG801965), the Swedish Research Council (VR 2019-01471) and the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (Hjärt-Lungfonden, 2023-0687 and Göran Gustafsson Foundation KVA [2025]).

: Authors are all members of the Diabetologia Editorial Board.

: LJC produced the first draft of the article. All authors were responsible for reviewing it critically for important intellectual content and editing it accordingly. All authors approved the version to be published.

Free to read: This content has been made available to all.