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Authors
Dutta, Anupam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6074-7013
Dutta, Pranjal K. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0570-1731
Baruah, Sreemanta M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-3272
Dihingia, Prasanta https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8104-2328
Ray, Arpita https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-4804
Bhat, Dattatrey S.
Patki, Sonali W.
Tiwari, Pradeep
Deshmukh, Madhura
Wagh, Rucha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4911-731X
Mulchandani, Rubina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7330-9285
Lyngdoh, Tanica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3310-4060
Kakati, Sanjeeb https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4087-6042
Yajnik, Chittaranjan S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-2378
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Indian Council of Medical Research (55/3/1/Brain Storming Session/Diab./2017-NCD-II)
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2025
First Online: 1 August 2025
Acknowledgements
: We thank all patients and control participants for their support and willingness to participate. We thank H. Kashyap, H. Kaur, A. Gogoi, A. Boruah, D. Boruah, S. Sonowal, P. Boruah, R. Nath, I. Gogoi, P. Gogoi, D. Ahmed (Assam Medical College and Hospital), P. Yajnik and R. Ladkat (Diabetes Unit, Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India) and L. Saikia and R. Nath (Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Assam Medical College and Hospital) for their invaluable contributions to this study. We profusely thank M. Thakur, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, for providing the socioeconomic background document. We thank N. Gupte, Johns Hopkins India Private Limited, Pune, India, for advice on statistical analysis and Prof E. Gale for useful comments. The graphical abstract was drawn by A. Dutta, based on a concept by C. S. Yajnik.
: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, subject to necessary administrative permission.
: This study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR study number 55/3/1/Brain Storming Session/Diab./2017-NCD-II, 29 March 2017). The funding agency played no role in the writing of the manuscript. RW is supported by a senior research fellowship from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: AD, CSY and SK contributed to the conception of the work. AD, PKD, PD, SMB and AR contributed to data collection. DSB, SWP, MD, RM, TL, PT and RW contributed to the data analysis. CSY, AD, RM, TL and RW drafted the article. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and critical revision of the article. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published. AD, CSY and SK are the guarantors of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
