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Article History

Received: 4 February 2025

Accepted: 13 May 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Acknowledgements

: We extend our gratitude to S. Parvin from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, for her invaluable assistance with histological analyses. We also thank the animal staff at the Preclinical Laboratory (PKL) Facility, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Institutet, for their support in breeding and housing the experimental animals. We thank L. Dahl (KTH, Stockholm, Sweden) for all the fruitful discussions and the team at SciLifeLab’s Affinity Proteomics Unit in Stockholm, Sweden for technical support.

: Upon publication, all data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper, the supplementary materials, and/or are accessible at . Additional visualisations are presented in the Shiny app interface (). Material requests should be sent to the corresponding authors M. Flodström-Tullberg and J. M. Schwenk.

: Codes used in this work will be made available upon publication via the Schwenk Lab’s GitHub account under ‘Mouse-DBS-Profiling’.

: Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (MFT); the Swedish Diabetes Foundation (MFT); the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, including the Strategic Research Programme in Diabetes (MFT); the Swedish Research Council, grant numbers 2020-02969 (MFT) and 2022-01374 (NR); the Novo Nordic Foundation NNF18OC0034158 (MFT) and NNF24OC0092507 (MFT); KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Digital Futures seed funding grant (SB, NR, JMS); SciLifeLab’s Pandemic Laboratory Preparedness program VC-2021-0033 (JMS) and VC-2022-0028 (JMS).

: MFT has served on the scientific advisory board of Provention Bio Inc. (acquired by Sanofi in 2023). NR is a co-founder and shareholder of the microsampling companies Capitainer AB and Samplimy Medical AB, and an inventor of several patents on microsampling solutions. Unrelated to this work, JMS has received travel support from Olink AB, and via the institution, conducted contract research for Capitainer AB. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MFT, JMS and NR conceived the study. MFT, JMS, NR and SB designed and supervised the research. AP, AB, FB, VMS, EA, EER, MB and SK performed the experimental work. AP, AB, FB, EA, MFT and JMS performed data analysis and visualisation. MFT, AB, FB and JMS wrote the original manuscript draft. All authors reviewed the manuscript and AB, AP, VMS, EER, NR, JMS and MFT edited it. All authors approved the final version for submission. MFT and JMS are the guarantors of this work.