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Authors
Wright, Alison K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8418-8332
Huang, Tianyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-9167
Carr, Matthew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-1606
Premdayal, Arjun D.
Saluja, Sushant https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4812-0332
Dashti, Hassan S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-679X
Anderson, Simon G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-073X
Ray, David W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-6773
Jones, Samuel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0153-922X
Wood, Andrew R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-948X
Frayling, Timothy M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-2603
Weedon, Michael N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6135
Lane, Jacqueline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-2855
Saxena, Richa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-1065
Liu, Junxi https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7710-9067
Bowden, Jack https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-3304
Lawlor, Deborah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-2262
Redline, Susan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-1610
Rutter, Martin K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-539X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diabetes UK (17/0005700)
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Article History
Received: 2 December 2024
Accepted: 30 May 2025
First Online: 2 August 2025
Acknowledgements
: This research was conducted using the UK Biobank resource under application number 6818. UK Biobank received ethical approval from the North West Multi-centre research ethics committee (reference 16/NW/0274). We thank the participants and researchers from the UK Biobank who contributed or collected data. We would also like to thank the type 2 diabetes patient representatives who generously contributed their time and expertise to shaping this research.
: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the UK Biobank. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study. Data from the UK Biobank are available following application to the UK Biobank Access Management System (). Access to the study protocol and analytical code is available from the corresponding author upon request.
: This study was funded by Diabetes UK (17/0005700). MNW was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council (MR/M005070/1). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Diabetes UK or the Medical Research Council. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
: Outside the submitted work MKR has received non-promotional speaker fees from Novo Nordisk, research funding from Novo Nordisk, consultancy fees from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Cell Catapult and Roche Diabetes Care, and has a modest holding of shares in GlaxoSmithKline. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: MKR, DWR, SGA, MJC, MNW, TMF, ARW, JB, DAL and AKW contributed to the conception and study design. MKR, AKW, TH and MJC contributed to data acquisition and analysis. AKW, TH and MKR drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to data interpretation, revised and edited the manuscript, and approved the final version to be published. AKW and TH are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
