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Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 6 August 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank A. Pernet, B. Wilson and I. D. Abreu (Diabetes Research Group, King’s College Hospital, London, UK) for assisting with the metabolic assessments; A. C. Perz (Nutritional Science Department, King’s College London, London, UK), T. Dew (ViaPath, King’s College Hospital), D. Curtis and L. Coppin (Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK) for assistance with sample processing and laboratory analysis; E. Giemsa (Clinical Research Facility, King’s College Hospital) for accommodating the participant visits; B. Whitcher and H. Shuaib (Klarismo, UK) for conducting the automated MRI analysis; G. C. Edwards (Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College London) for MRI methods and analysis; the staff of the Clinical Research Facility at King’s College Hospital for help in performing the studies; and the study participants for their time and commitment.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: This work was funded by Diabetes UK project grants (12/0004473 and 14/0004967). GW is currently supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: LMG, SAA and AMU formulated the research question and study design. GW wrote the manuscript. LMG, GW, DHB, SAA, AMU, OB, ML and OH contributed towards the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data for the manuscript. All authors contributed to drafting or critically revising the manuscript before giving final approval of the version to be published. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of their work and will ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. LMG is the guarantor of this work, had full access to all the data and takes full responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of data analysis.