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Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 16 August 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank the investigators, staff and participants and their families for dedication and commitment to the trial. The authors acknowledge the public platform of the State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of China Pharmaceutical University for the use of Seahorse Bioscience XF pro extracellular flux analyser in the OCR and ECAR experiments. We also appreciate W. Jiang of the China Pharmaceutical University for his technical support in the OCR and ECAR experiments. Part of this work was presented as an abstract at the 2024 annual meeting of the American Society of Nephrology.

: The transcriptomic data supporting the findings of this study are openly available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence ReadArchive (SRA) (, identifiers: PRJNA1180888 and PRJNA1180923). The metabolomics data associated with the manuscript are available in the .

: This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China: General program 82270760, Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu province: General program BK20201497 and National Natural Science Foundation of China: Youth fund 82200802 and by a Joint Technology Enhancement Project between the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Binhai County People’s Hospital EFYBH01C.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: YZ, CD, KZ and LJ designed the study. YZ, CD, LJ, CS and QK acquired funding for the study. CS, XWa, SQ, AH, XWu, QK, RS, YW, LW, YX, DL, XY, XS, YS and XZ acquired or generated the data. YZ, CD, KZ, LJ, CS, XWa, AH and XWu analysed the data. YZ wrote the manuscript. YZ, CD, KZ, LJ, AH and XWu provided scientific guidance and insights. All authors reviewed, edited and approved the manuscript. YZ, CD, KZ and LJ are the guarantors of this work.