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Authors
Yu, Marc Gregory https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-9574
Shah, Hetal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3685-4572
Jangolla, Surya https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8160-1909
Gauthier, John
Viebranz, Elizabeth
Wu, I-Hsien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2563-7505
Chokshi, Tanvi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7592-8685
Park, Kyoungmin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-1217
Li, Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1358-5469
Fickweiler, Ward https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-2532
Jha, Mawra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-0349
Sun, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-6303
Blankstein, Ron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-6562
Tsao, Connie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-0681
King, George L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0335-5881
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Diabetes Association (ADA 9-18-CVD1-005)
Thomas J. Beatson Foundation (Beatson 50-Year Medalist Fund)
Thomas J. Beatson Foundation (Beatson Pledge Fund)
Iacocca Family Foundation
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL155717)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL161864-01)
Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Fund
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK036836)
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2025
Accepted: 1 July 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Acknowledgements
: We would like to thank and acknowledge the staff of the Joslin Clinical Research Center, the Joslin Beetham Eye Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Cardiovascular Division and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cardiovascular Division for their invaluable help and support in this study.
: Datasets generated during and/or analysed in the study are stored in the study’s data repository and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: MGY was supported by the American Diabetes Association (ADA 9-18-CVD1-005) and Mary K. Iacocca Foundation. CT was supported by R01 HL155717. GLK was supported by the Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Fund, the Beatson Pledge Fund, the Beatson 50-Year Medalist Fund, R01 HL161864-01 and P30DK036836 (as part of the Joslin Diabetes Research Center Grant).
: RB has received support from Amgen Inc. and Novartis Inc. The rest of the authors declare no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: MGY was responsible for study implementation and overall manuscript preparation. HS and SJ made substantial contributions to overall data analysis and interpretation, and contributed critically to manuscript writing. JG and EV made substantial contributions to participant recruitment and contributed critically to the acquisition and collection of clinical data and review of the manuscript. I-HW, TC, KP and QL made substantial contributions to the performance of assay tests, contributed critically to data collection, and reviewed the manuscript. WF and JS made substantial contributions to the acquisition and analysis of the participants’ eye exams and contributed to data collection and manuscript writing. MJ, RB and CT made substantial contributions to the conception, design, acquisition, and analysis of cardiac imaging procedures, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. GLK was involved in the conception, design and overall study implementation, and co-wrote and reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. GLK is the guarantor of this work and has full access to all of the data in the study, and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of data analysis.
