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Authors
Jia, Xiaojing
Wang, Shuangyuan
Lin, Hong
Zhu, Yuanyue
Ding, Yilan
Li, Mian
Xu, Yu
Xu, Min
Huang, Feiyue
Shen, Feixia
Gu, Xuejiang
Mu, Yiming
Chen, Lulu
Zeng, Tianshu
Shi, Lixin
Su, Qing
Yu, Xuefeng
Yan, Li
Qin, Guijun
Wan, Qin
Chen, Gang
Tang, Xulei
Gao, Zhengnan
Hu, Ruying
Luo, Zuojie
Qin, Yingfen
Chen, Li
Hou, Xinguo
Huo, Yanan
Li, Qiang
Wang, Guixia
Zhang, Yinfei
Liu, Chao
Wang, Youmin
Wu, Shengli
Yang, Tao
Deng, Huacong
Zhang, Yifang
Wei, Huapeng
Zheng, Jie
Wang, Tiange
Zhao, Zhiyun
Zhao, Jiajun
Ning, Guang
Wang, Weiqing
Bi, Yufang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-5915
Lu, Jieli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-0896
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai
Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (22Y31900300)
Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (23JS1400900)
Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (23Y11908400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82088102)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170819)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82200998)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82370810)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82372347)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (91857205)
Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20214Y0002)
Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20224Y0087)
Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2022YFC2505202)
Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2023YFC2506704)
Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2023ZD0508402)
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Acknowledgements
: The authors thank all the participants of the 4C study and X. Zhou and W. Zhao of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The computations in this paper were run on the Siyuan-1 cluster supported by the Center for High Performance Computing at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. We are grateful for the working group of the 4C study.
: Data described in the manuscript, the code book and analytic code will be made available upon request pending application and approval.
: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant nos. 2022YFC2505202, 2023YFC2506704, 2023ZD0508402), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 82370810, 91857205, 82088102, 82170819, 82372347, 82400939 and 82200998), the Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (grant nos. 22Y31900300, 23Y11908400 and 23JS1400900), the Shanghai Rising-Star Programm (grant no. 24QA2708000), the Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (grant no. 20224Y0087) and the Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai.
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: JL, GN, YB and WW conceived and designed the study. XJ, HL and YD did the statistical analysis. SY Wang, YD, XJ and JL drafted the manuscript. SY Wang, YY Zhu, ML, YX, MX, FH, FS, XG, YM, LC, TZ, LS, QS, XY, LY, GQ, QW, GC, XT, ZG, RH, ZL, YQ, LC, XH, YH, QL, GW, Yinfei Zhang, CL, YW, SL Wu, TY, HD, Yifang Zhang, HW, J Zheng, TW, ZZ and JJ Zhao contributed to acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data. All authors revised the report and approved the final version before submission. JL, GN, YB and WW are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
