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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 24 June 2025

First Online: 9 September 2025

Acknowledgements

: We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the participants of the SFDT1 study for their valuable contribution. Their participation is essential for the progress of type 1 diabetes-related research. Additionally, we extend our appreciation to the SFDT1 study group for their diligent efforts and dedication to the study. Their collective expertise and commitment have played a critical role in ensuring a high-quality standard for the SFDT1 data. The full list of participating investigators of the SFDT1 study group can be found in the ESM and at . Parts of this study were presented as oral communications at the 18th International Conference on Advanced Technologies and Treatments for Diabetes, 19–22 March 2025, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and at the Société Francophone du Diabète congress, 1–4 April 2025, Paris, France.

: Data used for this analysis is available for academic researchers under request submitted to the scientific committee of SFDT1 (cohorte.sfdt1@gmail.com). R scripts created for this analysis are available under request to the corresponding author.

: DC is supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund through grant no. PRIDE21/16749720. This work was made possible thanks to institutional support from the Fondation Francophone pour la Recherche sur le Diabète (FFRD), the Société Francophone du Diabète (SFD) and the Luxembourg Institute of Health, as well as from the following partners: Breakthrough T1D/JDRF; Aide aux Jeunes Diabétiques (AJD); Fédération Française des Diabétiques; Lilly; Abbott; Air Liquide Healthcare; Novo Nordisk; Sanofi; Insulet; Medtronic; Dexcom; Ypsomed; Lifescan; and Sur les Pas de So. The study sponsors/funders were not involved in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the report, and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report. For the purpose of open access, and in fulfilment of the obligations arising from the grant agreement, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

: PC has received personal fees from Abbott, Dexcom, Insulet, Medtronic, Ypsomed, Sanofi, Lilly, Roche, Vertex and CML. EC has received grants or contracts from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Sanofi. EC also received consulting fees from Abbott, AlphaDiab, Bayer, AstraZeneca, DexCom, Lilly, LVL Medical, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes and Sanofi and received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Abbott, Amgen, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, LVL medical, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Urgo, ViiV Healthcare (GSK) and Roche Diagnostics. EC received support for attending meetings and/or travel from AlphaDiab, Asdia, Lilly, Sanofi and Vitalaire. GF has provided advisory/speaking services for and/or has received research grants and/or speaker honoraria from Sanofi, MSD, MSDAvenir, Eli Lilly, Roche Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Diabeloop, Bristol Myers Squibb, L’Oréal R&D, AbbVie Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Vitalaire and Akuity Care. J-PR received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi Aventis, MSD, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Abbott, Dexcom, AlphaDiab, Medtronic, Air Liquide Santé International and Sanofi. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: PC, J-PR, DC and GF conceptualised the study. DC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. J-PR and EC are the co-principal investigators. DC, GAA, GF, J-PR and EC had full access to the data in the study, verified the data and had full responsibility for the decision to submit and publish. All authors contributed to protocol development and study design. DC and GAA performed the data curation. DC performed the formal analysis. DC, GAA, GF, J-PR, PC and EC wrote the statistical analysis plan (SAP). All authors read the SAP, critically revised it for important intellectual content and approved the final version. All authors read the manuscript, critically revised it for academic content and approved the final version. GF is the guarantor of this work and, as such, has full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.