Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 January 2025

Accepted: 10 July 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Data availability

: The individual-level register data used in this study are not available for sharing.

: The code used for data management and analyses may be made available upon request by contacting the corresponding author.

: Open access funding provided by Lund University. This research was conducted within SWECOV (the Swedish Register-Based Research Program on COVID-19) hosted by Stockholm University and financed by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RIK21-0004). Funding for performing the study was provided by the Swedish Research Council (VR; grant number 2022-06358), Sweden’s Innovation Agency (Vinnova; grant number 2021-02648), the Childhood Diabetes Foundation, and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (LUDC-IRC; grant number IRC15-0067). The funder had no role in the design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or publication of this study.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: The study was conceptualised by DD, JB and AC. JB validated and verified the data. The methodology was developed by DD, JB, EP and AC. DD wrote the original draft and visualised the findings; the draft was reviewed and edited by JB, EP and AC. All authors read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript. DD is the guarantor of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.