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Article History

Received: 17 April 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank the following individuals for their important contribution to this work: G. Celio from the University of Minnesota Imaging Center for transmission electron microscopy, P. Ariza Guzman from the Integrative Biology and Physiology Metabolic Core for help with animal surgeries, and S. Wernimont from the University of Minnesota for providing BeWo cells. We also thank A. Eggert from the University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute for assisting with IRB application. We thank the University of Minnesota Flow Cytometry Resource and the University of Minnesota Genomics Center for providing cell sorting and bulk RNA sequencing services.

: Data are available on request from the corresponding author.

: This work was supported by NIH grants R56DK131437 and R01DK115720 to EUA, AHA grant CDA1273575 and NIH grants T32DK007203 and T32DKO083250 to MB, NIH grant F31DK131860 to SJ, and NIH grants T32HL166142 and T32GM140936 to AW. BC and SL were supported by the University of Minnesota Inclusive Excellence Cardiovascular Research Opportunity Program for Undergraduates funded by the American Heart Association.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MB and EUA developed the project. MB, EO, SJ, BC, SL, AH, AW and BA performed experiments and formal analyses. MB and EUA wrote the manuscript. MB, EO, SJ and BC were responsible for data visualisation. EM and EUA procured human placenta samples. MB, EO, SJ, BC, SL, AH, AW, BA, EM and EUA reviewed and edited the manuscript. EUA conceived the study and oversaw overall direction of this work. EUA is the guarantor of this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.