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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 30 June 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors take this opportunity to thank all of the individuals who participated in this study, the voluntary donors and the team at the Centre for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (CEFTA) in Aarhus, Denmark, for their invaluable contributions. The authors also thank the Biostatistical Advisory Service at Aarhus University for their assistance with biostatistical analysis. The authors used Grammarly to assist with spelling and grammar corrections during the preparation of this manuscript. Full responsibility for the content rests with the authors.

: Anonymised data may be made available upon reasonable request in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Access to de-identified participant data will require a formal data-sharing agreement, and, where applicable, approval from the relevant ethics committee. All inquiries and proposals should be directed to the corresponding author.

: Open access funding provided by Aarhus University Hospital. This study was funded by a Steno Collaborative Grant (no. 0058906). CLH received research support from Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant no. NNF22OC0074080).

: SMDB has received lecture honoraria from Tillotts. MWK received support from Pfizer Biopharmaceuticals Group to attend the United European Gastroenterology Week in Vienna, 2024. CLH has received honoraria for lectures from Tillotts, Merck and Johnson & Johnson. Additionally, CLH is a member of the Expert Working Group at the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) of the European Council (unpaid). The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All authors met the authorship criteria established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ensuring the quality and reliability of this work. They were actively involved in the study’s conception and drafting, critical revisions and final approval of the manuscript. The study was designed by KLH, SMDB, KK and CLH. Statistical analyses were performed by KLH and DSK. KLH, SMDB, KK and CLH had full access to the raw data presented in this study and were responsible for verifying its accuracy. Participant recruitment and treatment were conducted by KLH, SMDB, KK, MWK, AMD, KBY and CLH. Key contributions to the successful execution and validity of the study were made by KLH, SMDB, CE, SM, KK and CLH. All authors were involved in interpreting the data, providing critical insights and accessing the full dataset. The authors decided collectively to submit the manuscript for publication. KLH is the guarantor of this work and accepts full responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole.