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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 24 September 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank the women who participated in the study, the study nurses Å. Halsne, S. Antonsen, S. Malayan, and the study coordinator E. Hillestad (Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway) for invaluable help during the implementation of the study.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: Open access funding provided by University of Oslo (incl Oslo University Hospital). This study was funded by the Research Council of Norway, grant no. 273252, grant no. 340217 from South-Eastern Regional Health Authority, Norwegian Diabetes Association and Simon K. Fougner’s Family Foundation. SLØ is supported by the Novo Nordisk Fonden Excellence Emerging Grant in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023 (NNF23OC0082123). The study funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the manuscript; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the manuscript.

: NS has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carmot Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Menarini-Ricerche, Metsera, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, and Roche; speaker honoraria from Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; and grant support paid to his university from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Roche outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: AASK was the main person responsible for data acquisition and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. FAN prepared samples for mRNA sequencing. AS, EQ and KIB contributed to the design. AASK and SL-Ø performed statistical analysis, and SL-Ø performed the bioinformatics. All authors contributed to analysis or interpretation of data, revised the manuscript critically and approved the final manuscript. KIB supervised the study performance, is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had the full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.