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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank the Diabetes in Indigenous Populations Special Indigenous Group for their expertise, and the IDF Diabetes Atlas team for initiating this work. Special recognition is given to the late Laercio Joel Franco for his contributions to diabetes epidemiology and to this review, including data extraction for Brazil. Thanks go to S. Karuranga (IDF) and L. Chen (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute) for their help with the search strategy and to L. Chen for assistance with graph interpolation. Additional thanks go to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advisory Group of the Diabetes Across the Lifecourse Partnership at Menzies School of Health Research, who supported this work, and to A. ‘Tiwahe Iyotancilapi Win’ Warne (Oglala Lakota) for her valuable insights as a youth representative.

: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the ESM.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. ERP is the recipient of an NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (GNT1190866) to support her PhD candidature at Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia. CC was a recipient of the Gates Millennium Scholarship, NW NARCH Student Support Fellowship, and RMPHTC Student Leaders in Public Health to support her PhD programme at the University of North Dakota, USA. DJM is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Fellowship L2. LM-B is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (GNT1194698). HM is supported by the CIHR Banting Fellowship. OP is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (GNT2026852) L2. ELMB is supported by an NHMRC Grant (GNT1194698). LAB is supported by an NHMRC Investigator Grant (GNT2009035).

: DJM is Chair of the Diabetes Atlas of the IDF and a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: DJM conceived the project and identified internal experts for the literature search. ERP led the systematic review, reviewed bibliographies, extracted data and drafted the initial manuscript with significant input from ELMB. ERP, CC, ELMB, AJH and DJM developed the search strategy, screened abstracts and full texts, extracted and analysed data, conducted quality assessments and provided intellectual input and editing. CH, BRS and HM screened abstracts and extracted region-specific data. CH, BRS, HM, AB, OP, DW, LM-B, LAB and AC contributed to the study design, data interpretation and manuscript review. All authors had full access to the data, revised the manuscript and provided final approval of the version to be published. ERP is the guarantor of the work, ensuring data integrity and accuracy in the analysis.