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Article History

Received: 10 November 2024

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Acknowledgements

: We would like to acknowledge B. Ekholm (Lund University, Sweden) for help with the blood sample analysis and D. Hjorthorn (Daniel Olsson Development LLC, Sweden) for contributing to statistical advice and matching procedure.

: Data presented in the analysis are available on request from the corresponding author.

: Open access funding provided by Lund University. This study was funded by unrestricted grants from Sweden’s Southern Healthcare Region, the Skåne University Hospital economic support for research, Sydvastra Skanes Diabetesforening and Faculty of Medicine (ALF), Lund University, Sweden.

: KF has received honoraria for consulting and/or lecture fees from Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Bayer and Amarin, all outside the submitted work. KEO has received fees for lecturing and/or honoraria for consulting from Sanofi, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Abbot Diabetes Care, all outside the submitted work. JB has received honoraria for consulting and/or lecture fees from Abbott Diabetes Care, Nanexa, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, all outside the submitted work. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All authors meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship for this article and take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have contributed to methodology, reviewed the article critically for intellectual content, and have approved the final version of the manuscript. KF and MLO were involved in the design of the study. KF conceived the study, collected and analysed data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. KEO contributed to the NDR data. KF is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.