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Authors
Michalek, Dominika A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-0319
Tern, Courtney https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-595X
Robertson, Catherine C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-1786
Chen, Wei-Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-2333
Onengut-Gumuscu, Suna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6563-8334
Rich, Stephen S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7793
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (#2204-05134)
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (#1-2001-916)
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (#9-2011-530)
National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG011723)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3DK085678)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK122586)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK062418)
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Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Acknowledgements
: The authors express their gratitude to the investigators and groups who collected and provided biological samples or data for this study, as well as to the participants whose contributions made this research possible.
: Summary statistics are available in dbGaP ( ) under accession number pha002468.v2.p1, and the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Common Metabolic Diseases (AMP CMD) Knowledge Portal ( ).
: Code used to generate results is available at .
: Research reported in this publication was supported by National Institutes of Health grants U01 DK062418, DP3 DK085678, R01 DK122586 and U01 HG011723, a grant from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant number 2204-05134), and grants from the JDRF, now known as Breakthrough T1D (grant numbers 1-2001-916 and 9-2011-530).
: SSR has received consulting and lecture fees from Sanofi. The University of Virginia has received research support for SSR from Sanofi and from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: SSR and SO-G conceptualised, designed the study and contributed to data acquisition. DAM, CT, CCR and W-MC conducted statistical analysis. DAM, W-MC, SSR and SO-G were involved in data interpretation. DAM, SSR and SO-G drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the editing and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version to be published. SSR is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
