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Authors
Colombijn, Julia M. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-5937
de Leijer, Jan F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4254-8923
Visseren, Frank L. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3951-5223
Verhaar, Marianne C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-6428
van Raalte, Daniël H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-6124
Sattar, Naveed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1604-2593
Vernooij, Robin W. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5734-4566
van Sloten, Thomas T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-482X
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2025
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Data availability
: The dataset is available in the ESM file.
: Code/syntax is available in the ESM file.
: JC, MV and RV are supported by grant 2020B008 RECONNEXT from the Dutch CardioVascular Alliance, an initiative supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation.
: DvR reports receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and MSD, outside this manuscript. NS reported receiving personal fees from Abbott Laboratories, AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carmot Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Menarini-Ricerche, Metsera, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Roche, and research grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Roche, outside this manuscript. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: JC, JdL, RV and TvS designed the study. JC and JdL acquired the data. JC performed the data analysis and drafted the manuscript. JC and JdL drafted the tables, figures and graphical abstract. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the data, critically revised the manuscript, provided intellectual input and approved the final version to be published. JC and TvS are responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
