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Article History

Received: 13 September 2024

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Funding

: LBB reports salary support from the National Cancer Institute (3P30CA060553), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA029076) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL149866). MSD reports salary support from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (KL2TR001996). CS reports salary support from a Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Department of Medicine Career Investment Award, an American Heart Association career development grant (AHA 20CDA35320148), a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute career development grant (NHLBI 1K01HL151902-01A1) and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2022061). ASR reports salary support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL149866), National Eye Institute (R01 EY 036341) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01DA036939). AR is supported by the Weitzman Institute, Research Education Institute for Diverse Scholars (REIDS) Program at Yale University (funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, R25MH087217), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research.

: CS reports receiving consulting fees from Everlywell, L’Oreal, the Texas Health Institute, the Research Institute for Gender Therapeutics and the US Department of Justice unrelated to this work. HLW is serving in their personal capacity. The other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policies of the funders or institutions or any agencies of the US Government.

: All authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published.