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Article History

Received: 25 April 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 1 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: This study was presented in part as a poster at the 20th Immunology of Diabetes Society Congress in Bruges, Belgium, 4–8 November 2024.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This work was supported in part by a grant from the Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung and Elterninitiative Kinderkrebsklinik e.V. to Julia Seyfarth. The funder was not involved in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, in writing of the report and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. RW reports honoraria during the past 36 months for lectures/presentations/speaker’s bureaus from Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, NovoNordisk, Sanofi-Aventis and Synlab; travel support from Eli Lilly, NovoNordisk and Sanofi-Aventis; honoraria for advisory boards from Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi-Aventis. MR reports honoraria during the past 36 months for lectures, speaker’s bureaus and/or advisory boards from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Echosens, Madrigal, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Synlab and Target RWE.

: WA, O.-SK, SM, MMV, EA, SOA, AOB, EO, JFA, AY, HSA, DOO, MH, YK, VB, RW, MR, VB, JE, MS, SK, TM, DH, EM, MJ, ROP and JS were involved in the conception, design and conduct of the study and the analysis and interpretation of the results. JS wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors edited, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. JS is the guarantor of this work and, as such, has full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.