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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Data availability

: This article uses only data extracted from sources in the published public domain.

: This manuscript received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

: CJB has undertaken consultancy for various pharmaceutical companies involved in the development of medicines for the treatment of diabetes. CJB has also served on advisory boards, steering committees, safety monitoring boards and manuscript writing groups for clinical trials. CJB has additionally served as a reviewer and expert witness for regulatory authorities involved in the assessment of diabetes medicines. None of these activities is considered to unbalance the independence or objectivity of this review.

: The author was the sole contributor to this article.