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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 6 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors thank the coordinators, laboratory staff, project management team and especially the ENDIA families for their dedication to continuing this important research. The authors would like to thank the institutions and individuals listed in the ESM for their contribution to ENDIA recruitment and follow-up. The ENDIA Study Group (May 2025) is composed of the following ENDIA Steering Committee members: Simon C. Barry (Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia), Emma Hamilton-Williams (Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Australia), Leonard Harrison (Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Australia), Ki Wook Kim (Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of New South Wales, Australia), Grant Morahan (Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Australia), William D. Rawlinson (Serology and Virology Division, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia), Richard O. Sinnott (School of Computing and Information Services, University of Melbourne, Australia) and Peter J. Vuillermin (Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia).

: Data used in this study were derived from the ENDIA study. Data from the ENDIA study are available on reasonable request via email to the corresponding author or endia@adelaide.edu.au.

: This research was supported by Breakthrough T1D, the recipient of the Commonwealth of Australia grant for Accelerated Research under the Medical Research Future Fund, and with funding from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant key 3-SRA-2023-1374-M-N, 3-SRA-2020-966-M-N, 1-SRA-2019-871-MB, 4-SRA-2015-127-M-B) and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Centre of Research Excellence for the Protection of Pancreatic Beta Cells and project grant APP1025083). The study funders were not involved in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data or writing the report and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RLT and JJC conceived the study. RLT, JJC, HO, GM and KJM designed the study. RLT, JJC, MASP, KJM, PGC, MEC, EAD, TH, AH, GS, JAT-D and JMW contributed to the conduct of the study and interpretation of the results. GM performed the statistical analysis and HO and TS supervised the statistical analysis and contributed to the interpretation of the results. RLT, GM, KJM, and JJC wrote the manuscript. All authors provided critical revision and approved the final version of the manuscript. RLT is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.