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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors wish to thank the medical staff (S. Wada, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan) and participants for their contributions to this study. We would like to thank Editage ( ) for English language editing.

: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article or the electronic supplementary material. Further inquiries may be directed to the corresponding author.

: This study was funded by the Manpei Suzuki Diabetes Foundation (to TM). The funding body had no role in the development of the manuscript.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All authors met the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors criteria for authorship of this manuscript. All authors contributed to the study design and were involved in all stages of manuscript development. MFT and TM drafted the manuscript. RI and MG, who are both statisticians, were primarily responsible for the data analysis. MFT, TM, YO, YS, TO, MS, SN, HI, RI, MG and HW collected, analysed and interpreted the data, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript. HW is the principal guarantor of this work; he has full access to all study data and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors read and agreed to publication of the manuscript.