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Article History

Received: 4 March 2025

Accepted: 15 August 2025

First Online: 11 December 2025

Acknowledgements

: The ENDIA Study Group (October 2024) is composed of the named authors. We thank all the institutions and individuals for their contribution to ENDIA recruitment and follow-up. Lead clinical recruitment/follow-up sites: The Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Barwon Health, Monash Health, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Royal Hospital for Women, St George Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital/Perth Children’s Hospital, Mater Mother’s Hospital/Queensland Children’s Hospital. Lead academic sites: The University of Adelaide/Robinson Research Institute, WEHI, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, University of Western Australia/The Kids Research Institute/Harry Perkins Institute, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland. We also gratefully acknowledge the participants and their families who contributed to the ENDIA study.

: Data used in this study were derived from the ENDIA study. Data from the ENDIA study are available upon reasonable request via email to the corresponding author or endia@adelaide.edu.au.

: This research was supported by Breakthrough T1D (formerly JDRF Australia), the recipient of the Commonwealth of Australia grant for Accelerated Research under the Medical Research Future Fund, and with funding from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant key 3-SRA-2023-1374-M-N, 3-SRA-2020-966-M-N, 1-SRA-2019-871-M-B, 4-SRA-2015-127-M-B), and The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Centre of Research Excellence for the Protection of Pancreatic Beta Cell and project grant APP1025083). The study funders were not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; or writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: JJC, HO, MASP and PGC were involved in the conception, design and conduct of the study and the analysis and interpretation of the results. JJC wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors edited, reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. PA, KW, JDB and JMW were involved in the analysis and interpretation of the results. DH, RLT, MEC, EAD, AH, TH, PJV, GS, PEL, GM, KMcG, KWK, SB, EEH-W, WDR, RS and LCH were involved in the design and conduct of the study. JJC and HO are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.