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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 15 August 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors are very grateful to the participating children and families for their time and effort to be a part of this study. We would also like to extend a special thank you for the excellent support and analysis by G. Bodehed-Berg at the University of Gothenburg. We are also grateful for the support from T. Linnér and others at the Paediatric Clinical Physiology department at the Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital.

: The data that support these study findings are stored in a controlled database at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Data are not openly accessible but are available upon request to the corresponding author.

: Open access funding provided by University of Gothenburg. The study was funded by grants from the Swedish child diabetes foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), the Swedish Diabetes Foundation (Svenska Diabetesstiftelsen) and the Sahlgrenska University Foundations (SU-fonderna) SU-971860, as well as from the Swedish state through the ALF agreement, the agreement between the Swedish government and the country councils (ALFGBG-935282).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: FD and EB had full access to the data throughout the study. FD and GF conceptualised the study, LM and EB were responsible for inclusion and examination of study participants. EB compiled the data, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first version of the manuscript. All co-authors took part in data interpretation and in reviewing and revising the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all co-authors. FD is the guarantor of the study and is responsible for data analysis accuracy and data integrity.