Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 May 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: We would like to acknowledge the current members of J-DREAMS at the Japan Institute for Health Security, especially T. Sugiyama, H. Kazio, T. Tsujimoto, H. Ohtsu, M. Ishii and K. Miyo for cooperation and K. Komaki and N. Arimoto for handling the data. We sincerely thank all investigators at the institutions participating in J-DREAMS registry. The J-DREAMS database is operated with support from the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS), and this research received academic support from the JDS Academic Research Project.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed in the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: This study was supported by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers JP16K01823 and 22K11729 to MS and 23K15397 to HT) and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (965304 to MS).

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: MO and KU were responsible for data acquisition and handling; KWS, HT and MS analysed the data; KWS and MS drafted the manuscript; EK validated and reviewed the methodology; all authors substantially contributed to the interpretation of data, and critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript for publication. MS is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.