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Article History

Received: 15 April 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank D. Wang at the Institute of Brain Science of Fudan University, Shanghai, for many discussions, X. Zhou at the Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai, for assistance with MS assay, H. Saiyin at the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, Shanghai, for assistance with histological staining and Imaris software, and W. Shao from the Banting and Best Diabetes Center of University of Toronto for her insightful comments and sharing her pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research.

: All source data are available from the corresponding author on request.

: This work was supported by Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (grant no. 2023ZD0506800 to YML), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81200622 to RL, 81800692 to LJ, 82070798 to HY), and the Ministry of Science and Technology (grant no. 2016YFC1305105 to YY). This work was also supported by Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (grant no. 21S11905200, SHDC2022CRD030, SHDC12021116 and 21SG35 to HY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RL designed the work. YJJ, DW, YZN, YL, SL, GQ, CFP, JRD, HXR, ARM, JLQ and QYS performed acquisition and analysis of data. RL, CLH, HY, YML, YHY, LJJ, CT and HPZ contributed to interpretation of data. RL, DW and SL drafted the article. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version to be published. RL is the guarantor of this work.