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Article History

Received: 27 March 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: We thank the European Diabetes Forum (EUDF) for inviting and organising the working group and for providing funding to Robert Brines (Bite Medical Consulting, Cambridge, UK), who supported the working group by collating and compiling author revisions during the manuscript drafting process. Thanks are also extended to the following EUDF member organisations—Breakthrough T1D, EASD, European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD), Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes (FEND), IDF Europe, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD), Primary Care Diabetes Europe (PCDE) and Swedish Association for Diabetology (SFD)—and to the EUDF supporting collaborators European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) and Medtech Europe

: Any data generated during and/or analysed in the current document are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: The activities of the EUDF are financially supported by Breakthrough T1D, EASD, EFSD, FEND, IDF Europe, ISPAD, PCDE, SFD, EFPIA and Medtech Europe.

: TB is funded in part by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (grant no. P3-0343). MJ declares consultant and/or speaker fees and/or research support from Abbott, Air Liquide Santé International, Amgen, Asdia, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Dinno Santé, Glooko, Insulet, LifeScan, Lilly, LVL Médical, Medtronic, MSD, Nestle HomeCare, Novo Nordisk, Organon, Orkyn, Roche Diabetes, Sanofi, Tandem, Vitalaire, Voluntis and Ypsomed. SDP has served as president of the EASD/European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) (2020–2022) and is the president of the EUDF and the Menarini Foundation; has received research grants to his institution from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; has served as advisor for Abbott, Amarin Corporation, Amplitude, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Biomea Fusion, Eli Lilly, EvaPharma, Menarini International, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi and Sun Pharmaceuticals; and has received fees for speaking from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Laboratori Guidotti, Menarini International, Merck Sharpe & Dohme and Novo Nordisk. LH is a consultant for Abbott, embecta, Lifecare, Medtronic, Dexcom, Roche Diagnostics, Liom and Perfood. He is part owner of the Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung in Neuss, Germany; Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; and diateam GmbH, Bad Mergentheim, Germany. SH is funded in part by the Medical Research Council Clinical Academic Partnership award (MR/W030004/1). SH has served on the advisory board for Tandem, Dexcom, Medtronic, Sanofi and Vertex and undertaken non-promotional educational and/or consultancy work for Abbott UK, Insulet, Dexcom and Roche, and SH’s institution has received research grant support from Abbott and Insulet. MP reports advisory board membership for Mannkind, Medtronic Diabetes, Pfizer, Sanofi, LifeScan, Novo Nordisk, Insulet, ProventionBio, Merck, Ascensia, Bayer, embecta and Tandem; consulting fees for Qulab Medical, ProventionBio and Dompé; and speaker fees for Sanofi. MP has also received research grants from Eli Lilly, Medtronic Diabetes, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, DreaMed Diabetes, NG Solutions, Dompé, Lumos, Gwave, OPKO, ProventionBio and AstraZeneca, and reports stock ownership in DreaMed Diabetes and NG Solutions. PS is president of the IDF. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: The aims and focus of this article were conceived by SDP, BT and TB and developed with the wider working group, who comprise the authorship of the article. All authors meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, have reviewed the article critically for intellectual content and have given their final approval for this version to be published. SDP is the guarantor of this work and takes full responsibility for the integrity of the evidence-based discussion and the development of the consensus recommendations.