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Authors
Boldison, Joanne
Leete, Pia
Robinson, Emma J.
Powell, Wendy
Davies, Joanne
McMullan, Conor
Walker, Sophie L.
Morgan, Noel G.
Hanna, Stephanie J.
Wong, F. Susan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
JDRF (2-SRA-2024-1473-M-N)
JDRF (2-SRA-2024-1474-M-N)
Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation (SCA/PP/12/21)
Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2303-06709)
Diabetes UK (18/0005805)
Diabetes UK (22/0006378)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Acknowledgements
: We would like to acknowledge and thank all study participants and sample and organ donors, and their families, for their generosity and commitment, without which this work would not have been possible. We thank J. Pearson at Cardiff University for valuable comments on this study.
: Data are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.
: This work was funded by research grants from Diabetes UK (18/0005805) and the Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation (SCA/PP/12/21). JB is supported by an independent fellowship funded by Research England’s Expanding Excellence in England (E3) fund via EXCEED and the Helmsley Charitable Trust (2303-06709). PL and CM are supported by the RD Lawrence Fellowship from Diabetes UK (22/0006378). In addition, this study was supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Exeter. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. SJH was funded by the Professor David Matthews Non-Clinical Research Fellowship from the Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation, and this work was supported on behalf of the Steve Morgan Foundation Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge by Breakthrough T1D UK, formerly JDRF, and the Steve Morgan Foundation (grant numbers 2-SRA-2024-1474-M-N and 2-SRA-2024-1473-M-N).
: FSW is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia . The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: FSW conceived the project and designed the experiments. EJR, WP, PL, SJH, JD, CM, SLW and JB contributed to experimental procedures and acquired and analysed the data. JB and FSW wrote the manuscript. JB, FSW and NGM contributed to interpreting the results and revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript. FSW is the guarantor of this work.
