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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Acknowledgements

: This publication is based on the workshop ‘Pattern across scales in living systems’ held in Vienna on 7–9 June 2025.

: Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. Peter Stenvinkels work is or has been funded by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, CIMED, the Swedish Medical Research Council and the Strategic Research Programme in Diabetes at Karolinska Institutet.

: RJJ is on the scientific boards of Santa Barbara Nutrients, RxSugar and A New Dimension and has equity with Colorado Research Partners LLC. PGS sits on the advisory board of AKL Therapeutics, the Danone Institute and A New Dimension. PS has participated on scientific advisory boards for CSL, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Fresenius Medical Care, Invizius and Vera. PK is a former employee of the Renal Research Institute, a wholly owned subsidiary of Fresenius Medical Care. PK also holds stock in Fresenius Medical Care and is inventor on multiple patents in the kidney space. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: All authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published.