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Article History

Received: 23 January 2025

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Acknowledgements

: All families participating in the TEDDY study are acknowledged for their valuable contribution. The authors also thank the personnel in the clinical TEDDY study centres and TEDDY laboratories for their contribution to the success of the TEDDY study.

: Data reported here can be obtained by request at the NIDDK Central Repository website, Resources for Research (R4R), .

: Open Access funding provided by University of Oulu (including Oulu University Hospital). The TEDDY study is funded by U01 DK63829, U01 DK63861, U01 DK63821, U01 DK63865, U01 DK63863, U01 DK63836, U01 DK63790, UC4 DK63829, UC4 DK63861, UC4 DK63821, UC4 DK63865, UC4 DK63863, UC4 DK63836, UC4 DK95300, UC4 DK100238, UC4 DK106955, UC4 DK112243, UC4 DK117483, U01 DK124166 and contract no. HHSN267200700014C from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Breakthrough T1D (formerly known as JDRF). This work is supported in part by the NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Awards to the University of Florida (UL1 TR000064) and the University of Colorado (UL1 TR002535). The sponsors were represented in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) steering committee. The sponsors had a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data, and in review and approval to submit the manuscript for publication. The sponsors did not have the right to veto submission to any particular journal but did participate in the writing group’s discussion when selecting an appropriate journal for submission. The corresponding author had the final say in submitting the manuscript for publication.

: MJH reports grants from NIH, WAH reports grants from Pacific Northwest Research Institute, JT reports grants from NIH, RV reports grants from NIH, and RNT reports grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study. RV is a member of the editorial board of Diabetologia. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RNT and JLC had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. RV, MJH, HEL, JT, AGZ, JPK, BA, MJR, JXS, WAH and BJ substantially contributed to the concept and design of the study. RV, RNT, JLC, HEL, MJH, KW, AKS, MJR, JXS, WAH, AGZ, JPK and JT participated in the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data. RNT, JLC, RV and JT participated in statistical analyses. JPK, MJR, WAH, JT, AGZ and JXS obtained funding. RV, RNT and JT drafted the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and gave final approval of the version to be published. RV is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.