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Article History

Received: 22 May 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Acknowledgements

: The authors would like to thank A. Andersen (Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark) for technical support during the conduct of the study, and M.S. Svane, K. Bojsen-Møller, M. Hindsøe and N. Hedbäck (Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark) for helpful discussions and support during the conduct of the study, for which they did not receive any financial support. Data have been presented previously at the ADA’s 82nd Scientific Sessions, 2022, at the EASD 58th Annual Meeting, 2022, and at the annual meeting of the Danish Endocrine Society, 2022.

: The datasets generated during and/or analysed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: This study was kindly supported by a grant from Boehringer Ingelheim. Boehringer Ingelheim had no influence on the study conduct, analysis or interpretation, but were given the opportunity to review the manuscript for medical and scientific consistency as it relates to Boehringer Ingelheim substances, as well as intellectual property considerations. Additional funding was provided by the Grosserer L.F. Foghts Fond, Charlottenlund, Denmark (grant number not applicable).

: NBJ reports having received lecture fees from Novo Nordisk Denmark A/S and Boehringer Ingelheim, having received support for conference participation from Novo Nordisk Denmark A/S, and having taken a position in Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark after finalisation of the present study. SM reports having received fees for serving on advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Intarcia Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Abbott Lab, Bayer and Amgen. He also reports having received lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk and MSD. He has received research grants from Novo Nordisk, the Novo Nordisk Foundation and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has received support for conference participation from Novo Nordisk, Boehringer Ingelheim and Bayer. JJH reports having received a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Metabolic Research. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: RT collected data, performed data analyses, and drafted the manuscript. SM and PLM helped to design the study, supervised its conduct, analysed and interpreted data, and critically revised the manuscript. EAR, GvH, NRA and JJH provided input to study design, produced data, and critically revised the manuscript. NBJ conceived the study, wrote the protocol, supervised the conduct of experiments, analysed and interpreted data, and critically revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript. NBJ is the guarantor of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.