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Authors
Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.
Bandyopadhyay, Souvik
Bhat, Dattatray S.
Wagh, Rucha S. H.
Yajnik, Pallavi C.
Ladkat, Rasika
Coyaji, Kurus
Fall, Caroline H. D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council, UK (MR/J000094/1)
Indian Council of Medical Research (58/1/8/MRC-ICMR/2009/NCD-II)
Wellcome Trust, UK (059609/Z/99)
Wellcome Trust, UK (038128/Z/93)
Wellcome Trust, UK (079877/Z/06/Z)
Wellcome Trust, UK (083460/Z/07/Z)
Wellcome Trust, UK (098575/B/12/Z)
Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/PR-6870/PID/20/268/2005)
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Article History
Received: 5 June 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: We thank the participants, collaborators, funding agencies and the Diabetes Unit staff for their contribution towards this study. We would also like to thank C. Osmond (MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, UK) for his valuable insights into the statistical analysis, and F. Gokhale for her help with the graphical abstract.
: Data are available for additional analyses by applying to the corresponding author with a 200-word plan of analysis. Data sharing is subject to KEM Hospital Research Centre administrative approvals and permission from the Government of India’s Health Ministry Screening Committee.
: The PMNS was funded by the Wellcome Trust, UK (038128/Z/93, 059609/Z/99, 079877/Z/06/Z, 098575/B/12/Z and 083460/Z/07/Z); the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/J000094/1); and the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (BT/PR-6870/PID/20/268/2005). The PRIYA trial is funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (58/1/8/MRC-ICMR/2009/NCD-II) and the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/J000094/1) as part of an Indo-UK collaborative programme. Collection and analysis of the biological samples were funded by a Department of Biotechnology Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology grant (BT/PR12629/MED/97/364/2016). Between these grants, the study was funded intramurally (KEM Hospital Research Centre).
: SB is employed by Cytel Inc. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: CSY and CHDF conceptualised the study. SB and RSHW were involved in statistical analysis. KC, PCY and RL contributed to conduct of the study. CSY, CHDF and RSHW prepared the manuscript. DSB was involved in laboratory measurements, and critical review of the manuscript. All authors were involved in the drafting and review of the manuscript, and approved the final version. CSY is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
