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Authors
Anjom-Shoae, Javad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-0339
Fitzgerald, Penelope C. E.
Rose, Braden D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-3033
Bitarafan, Vida https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-6049
Rehfeld, Jens F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-9571
Horowitz, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0306
Feinle-Bisset, Christine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-0125
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diabetes Australia Research Trust ((2021–2022) to CFB)
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: We would like to thank our biostatistician, K. Lange (Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide), for statistical support, and technician, K. Greve Sørensen (Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen), for assistance with the analysis of plasma CCK concentrations. Preliminary data from this study were included in J. Anjom-Shoae’s PhD thesis (2025) Effects of dietary nutrients and non-nutritive compounds on upper gastrointestinal (GI) functions, energy intake and blood glucose in humans [Doctoral thesis, University of Adelaide]. Available from: .
: The data described in the manuscript will be made available upon request by the corresponding author.
: JAS and VB were each supported by Adelaide Scholarship International stipends, provided by the University of Adelaide (JAS, 2021–2025; VB, 2017–2020) and CFB by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship (Grant 1103020, 2016–2023). The research was supported by a Diabetes Australia Research Project Grant (2021–2022) to CFB.
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: JAS performed the study, collected, analysed and interpreted the data, wrote and revised the manuscript; PCEF performed data collection and reviewed the manuscript; BDR performed the hormone multiplex assay and reviewed the manuscript; VB contributed to the study concept and design and reviewed the manuscript; JFR performed CCK radioimmunoassay and reviewed the manuscript; MH contributed to the study concept and design and revised the manuscript; CFB contributed to the study concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, revised the manuscript, and is the guarantor of this work. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Free to read: This content has been made available to all.
