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Authors
Zhou, Xuan
Sevilla-Gonzalez, Magdalena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-9998
Phipps, Amanda I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-9623
Udler, Miriam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-9162
Castellví-Bel, Sergi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1217-5097
Chan, Andrew T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-6767
Pellatt, Andrew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-9790
Schoen, Robert E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-2766
Giovannucci, Edward
Gunter, Marc J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-6761
Florez, Jose C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-9325
Peters, Ulrike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5666-9318
Song, Mingyang
Merino, Jordi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-1438
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute (U01 CA137088)
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute (R01 CA201407)
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute (R01 CA273198)
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Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: The CCFR graciously acknowledges the generous contributions of the study participants, the dedication of study staff and the financial support from the US National Cancer Institute, without which this important registry would not exist. The authors would like to thank the study participants and staff of the Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry and the Hormones and Colon Cancer study (CORE Studies). Acknowledgements pertaining to the specific studies included are provided in the (Funding support and acknowledgements from participating studies).
: The data underlying the generation of the global polygenic score for type 2 diabetes are available from Suzuki et al [ ]. Information including the procedures to obtain and access the data and codes used in this study in the GECCO and CCFR consortia is described at . The scripts used to analyse GECCO and CCFR data presented in this manuscript are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author.
: GECCO is supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), US Department of Health and Human Services (U01 CA137088, R01 CA201407, R01 CA273198). Genotyping/sequencing services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract numbers HHSN268201700006I and HHSN268201200008I. This research was funded in part through NIH/NCI Cancer Center support grant P30 CA015704. The Scientific Computing Infrastructure at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center is funded by ORIP grant S10OD028685. This work was delivered as part of the Team PROSPECT (ATC), supported by the Cancer Grand Challenges partnership funded by Cancer Research UK (CGCATF-2023/100036), the NCI (OT2CA297680), the Bowelbabe Fund for Cancer Research UK and the Institut National du Cancer. CCFR is supported in part by funding from the NCI/NIH (award U01 CA167551). Support for case ascertainment was provided in part by the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, US state cancer registries in Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota, North Carolina and New Hampshire, and the Victoria Cancer Registry (Australia) and Ontario Cancer Registry (Canada). The CCFR Set-1 (Illumina 1M/1M-Duo) and Set-2 (Illumina Omni1-Quad) scans were supported by NIH awards U01 CA122839 and R01 CA143237. The CCFR Set-3 (Affymetrix Axiom CORECT Set array) scan was supported by NIH awards U19 CA148107 and R01 CA81488. The CCFR Set-4 (Illumina OncoArray 600K SNP array) scan was supported by NIH award U19 CA148107 and by the CIDR, which is funded by a grant from the NIH to Johns Hopkins University (contract number HHSN268201200008I). Additional funding for the OFCCR was provided through award GL201-043 from the Ontario Research Fund, award 112746 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, a Cancer Risk Evaluation (CaRE) Program grant from the Canadian Cancer Society, and through generous support from the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation. Additional support for the CCFR was in part through NCI/NIH awards U01/U24 CA074794 and R01 CA076366. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the NCI, NIH or any of the collaborating centres in the CCFR, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organisations imply endorsement by the US Government, any cancer registry or the CCFR. JM was supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation grant NNF23SA0084103, an EFSD/Novo Nordisk Foundation Future Leaders Award (number 0094134) and the European Union (HORIZON-EIC-2023-PATHFINDERCHALLENGES-01-101161509). However, the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Innovation Council and SME Executive Agency (EISMEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for these views. ATC is supported by NCI grant R01 R35CA253178 and an American Cancer Society Professorship. MS-G is supported by grants NIDDK UM1 DK078616 and 1K99DK139461-01A1. EG is funded as an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor (CRP-23-1014041). Further information on funding is provided in the (Funding support and acknowledgements from participating studies).
: JM is an Associate Editor for Diabetologia but played no role in the evaluation of this manuscript. UP was a consultant with AbbVie and her family hold individual stocks for the following companies: Amazon, Boeing Company, BioNTech, BYD Company Limited, Crowdstrike Holdings Inc., CureVac, Google/Alphabet, Microsoft Corp, MicroStrategy Inc., NVIDIA Corp and Stellantis. The remaining authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, this work.
: The study was conceptualised by MS, JM and EG. XZ validated and verified the data. The methodology was developed by JM, MS-G, UP, AIP and MS. JM wrote the original draft and visualised the findings; the draft was reviewed and edited by MS-G, XZ and MS. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data, reviewed the manuscript, and agreed to the final version of the manuscript. JM is the guarantor of this work, and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
