Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Wang, Yiying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-7788
Ram, Jagannathan
Bianchi, Cristina
Fiorentino, Teresa Vanessa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9485-8793
Kim, Sang Soo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9687-8357
Kim, Jinmi
Ryang, Soree
Del Prato, Stefano
Sesti, Giorgio
Sandforth, Leontine
Preissl, Hubert
Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg, Reiner
Stefan, Norbert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2186-9595
Fritsche, Andreas
Ha, Joon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-2534
Birkenfeld, Andreas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-9023
Bergman, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-2976
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the German Center for Diabetes Research grant (01GI0925)
Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: We gratefully acknowledge the study participants and research staff from all five cohorts.
: The data analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to national data protection laws but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The German studies involved in this analysis were supported by the German Center for Diabetes Research grant 01GI0925 via the Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
: The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: MB and ALB contributed to the design of the study and acquisition and interpretation of data. JR, CB, TVF, SSK, JK, SR, GS and YW contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data. YW wrote the first draft of the article and contributed to the final version. SDP, LS, HP, RJvS, NS, AF and JH contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of data. All authors contributed to reviewing and editing the article critically and gave final approval of the version to be published.
