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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Data availability

: This study uses secondary data from the primary studies listed in the .

: This research was supported by grants and material support from the Committee for the Development of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre – FIPE HCPA. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: CBL reports payment related to one lecture about obesity treatment. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.

: VCBJ contributed to data collection and analysis, drafted the first version of the manuscript, and approved the final version. FI was involved in study conceptualisation, participated in data collection and approved the final manuscript. TV, NTT, RZ and LVS each contributed to data collection and approved the final version of the manuscript. CBL contributed to study conceptualisation, revised the manuscript and approved the final version. DVR led the study conceptualisation, design and oversight, contributed to data analysis, participated in manuscript writing and approved the final version. All listed authors contributed to preparing and approving the manuscript and followed the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship. VCBJ and DVR had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.