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Authors
Mattila, Markus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9474
Haario, Peppi
Hakola, Leena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-6035
Takkinen, Hanna-Mari
Peltonen, Essi J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-3089
Korhonen, Tuuli E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-3618
Ahonen, Suvi
Ilonen, Jorma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-2062
Toppari, Jorma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-334X
Knip, Mikael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-0033
Veijola, Riitta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-270X
Niinistö, Sari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-6241
Virtanen, Suvi M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8928-0878
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
Diabetestutkimussäätiö
European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
Research Council of Finland (114666)
Research Council of Finland (126813)
Research Council of Finland (129492)
Research Council of Finland (139391)
Research Council of Finland (201988)
Research Council of Finland (210632)
Research Council of Finland (250114)
Research Council of Finland (276475)
Research Council of Finland (308066)
Research Council of Finland (339922)
Research Council of Finland (63672)
Research Council of Finland (68292)
Research Council of Finland (79685)
Research Council of Finland (79686)
Research Council of Finland (80846)
Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
Competitive Research Funding of the Turku and Oulu University Hospitals
the Novo Nordisk Foundation
Juho Vainion Säätiö
JDRF (1-SRA-2016-342-M-R)
JDRF (1-SRA-2019-732-M-B)
JDRF (3-SRA-2020-955-S-B)
JDRF (4-1998-274)
JDRF (4-1999-731)
JDRF (4-2001-435)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9AA084)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9AB083)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9E082)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9F089)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9G087)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9H092)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9J147)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9K149)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9L042)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9L117)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9M036)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9M114)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9N086)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9P057)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9R055)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9S074)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9T072)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9U065)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9V072)
the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (9X062)
the European Union Biomed 2 Program (BMH4-CT98-3314)
Tampere University
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Acknowledgements
: We are grateful to all families who participated in the DIPP study. An abstract of study results was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Scandinavian Society for the Study of Diabetes in Oulu, Finland (May 2024).
: The data described in this manuscript and analysis codes may be made available upon request subject to ethical and legislative restrictions.
: Open access funding provided by Tampere University (including Tampere University Hospital). The DIPP Nutrition Study was supported by the Research Council of Finland (grants 63672, 68292, 79685, 79686, 80846, 114666, 126813, 129492, 139391, 201988, 210632, 250114, 276475, 308066 and 339922); a European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes award supported by the EFSD/JDRF/Lilly; the Finnish Cultural Foundation; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (grants 9E082, 9F089, 9G087, 9H092, 9J147, 9K149, 9L042, 9L117, 9M036, 9M114, 9N086, 9P057, 9R055, 9S074, 9T072, 9U065, 9V072, 9X062, 9AA084, 9AB083, 9AC099, T63484 and T66994). The DIPP study overall has been supported by Competitive Research Funding of the Turku and Oulu University Hospitals; Breakthrough T1D (grants 4-1998-274, 4-1999-731, 4-2001-435, 1-SRA-2016-342-M-R, 1-SRA-2019-732-M-B and 3-SRA-2020-955-S-B); the Novo Nordisk Foundation; and the European Union Biomed 2 Program (BMH4-CT98-3314). The funders had no role in designing the study, or in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication.
: RV is a member of the Editorial Board of Diabetologia . The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.
: MM, PH, LH, EJP, SN and SMV designed the study; H-MT and EJP designed the statistical analyses and H-MT performed the statistical analyses; H-MT and TEK handled the food consumption data processing; SA supervised dietary data collection, processing and analyses; MM and PH drafted the first version of the manuscript. MM, LH and SMV drafted the final version of the manuscript; MM, PH, LH, SN and SMV interpreted the results; JI, JT and MK conceived and designed the DIPP study; MK and RV were responsible for the autoantibody analyses. All authors participated in drafting or revising of the manuscript and approved the final version to be published. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet the authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. SMV is the guarantor, and affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.
